Praxistheorien und Normenforschung in den Internationalen Beziehungen – Zum Beitrag der pragmatischen Soziologie
Abstract
The introduction of practice theories into International Relations (IR) promises new pathways to the study of world politics. This paper discusses how praxeological approaches can inform current debates in IR norm research. It introduces three specific approaches from the family of practice theory and their potential to enrich norm research: (1) Pierre Bourdieu’s nomos, (2) communities of legal practice and (3) the pragmatic sociology of Luc Boltanski. The paper argues that while indeed offering alternative ways for thinking about normativity in world politics, the former approaches perpetuate a structural bias as it has increasingly been criticized in IR norm research. In contrast, the pragmatic sociology offers an innovative approach situated at the interface of structure and agency. The paper concludes that pragmatic sociology in particular can further the already productive debates on norm contestation in IR by using situations of controversy as their analytical starting point.Literaturhinweise
Acharya, Amitav. 2004. »How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism.« International Organization 58 (2): 239–75.
Adler, Emanuel. 2005. Communitarian International Relations: The Epistemic Foundations of International Relations. London, New York, NY: Routledge.
Adler, Emanuel und Vincent Pouliot. 2011. »International Practices: Introduction to a Framework.« In Adler and Pouliot, International Practices, 3–35.
Adler-Nissen, Rebecca, Hg. 2013a. Bourdieu in International Relations: Rethinking Key Concepts in IR. New York, NY: Routledge.
———. 2013b. »Introduction: Bourdieu and International Relations Theory.« In Adler-Nissen, Bourdieu in International Relations: Rethinking Key Concepts in IR, 1–23.
Andersen, Morten S. und Iver B. Neumann. 2012. »Practices as Models: A Methodology with an Illustration Concerning Wampum Diplomacy.« Millennium - Journal of International Studies 40 (3): 457–81.
Bailey, Jennifer L. 2008. »Arrested Development: The Fight to End Commercial Whaling as a Case of Failed Norm Change.« European Journal of International Relations 14 (2): 289–318.
Barnes, Jamal. 2016. »The ›War on Terror‹ and the Battle for the Definition of Torture.« International Relations 30 (1): 102–24.
Bob, Clifford. 2012. The Global Right Wing and the Clash of World Politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Bogusz, Tanja. 2010. Zur Aktualität von Luc Boltanski: Einleitung in sein Werk. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Boltanski, Luc. 2008. »Individualismus ohne Freiheit: Ein pragmatischer Zugang zur Herrschaft.« Westend - Neue Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 5 (2): 133–49.
———. 2010. Soziologie und Sozialkritik: Frankfurter Adorno-Vorlesungen 2008. Berlin: Suhrkamp.
Boltanski, Luc und Ève Chiapello. 2006. Der neue Geist des Kapitalismus. Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft.
Boltanski, Luc und Laurent Thévenot. 2007. Über die Rechtfertigung: Eine Soziologie der kritischen Urteilskraft. Hamburg: Verlag Hamburger Ed.
Bongaerts, Gregor. 2007. »Soziale Praxis und Verhalten - Überlegungen zum Practice Turn in Social Theory.« Zeitschrift für Soziologie 36 (4): 246–60.
Brunnée, Jutta und Stephen J. Toope. 2010. Legitimacy and Legality in International Law: An Interactional Account. Cambridge, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2011. »Interactional International Law and the Practice of Legality.« In Adler and Pouliot, International Practices, 108–35.
Bucher, Bernd. 2014. »Acting Abstractions: Metaphors, Narrative Structures, and the Eclipse of Agency.« European Journal of International Relations 20 (3): 742–65.
Bueger, Christian und Frank Gadinger. 2014. International Practice Theory: New Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
———. 2015. »The Play of International Practice.« International Studies Quarterly 59 (3): 449–60.
Celikates, Robin. 2006. »From Critical Social Theory to a Social Theory of Critique: On the Critique of Ideology after the Pragmatic Turn.« Constellations 13 (1): 75–93.
———. 2008. »Von der Soziologie der Kritik zur kritischen Theorie?«. Westend - Neue Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 5 (2): 120–32.
Daase, Christopher. 2013. »Die Legalisierung der Legitimität – Zur Kritik der Schutzverantwortung als emerging norm.« Friedens-Warte 88 (1-2): 41–62.
Deitelhoff, Nicole und Lisbeth Zimmermann. 2013a. »Aus dem Herzen der Finsternis: Kritisches Lesen und wirkliches Zuhören der konstruktivistischen Normenforschung: Eine Replik auf Stephan Engelkamp, Katharina Glaab und Judith Renner.« Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 20 (1): 61–74.
———. 2013b. »Things We Lost in the Fire: How Different Types of Contestation Affect the Validity of International Norms.« PRIF Working Paper 18, Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Frankfurt am Main.
Doty, Roxanne L. 1997. »Aporia: A Critical Exploration of the Agent-Structure Problematique in International Relations Theory.« European Journal of International Relations 3 (3): 365–92.
Duvall, Raymond D. und Arjun Chowdhury. 2011. »Practices of Theory.« In Adler and Pouliot, International Practices, 335–54.
Engelkamp, Stephan, Katharina Glaab und Judith Renner. 2012. »In der Sprechstunde: Wie (kritische) Normenforschung ihre Stimme wiederfinden kann.« Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 19 (2): 101–28.
———. 2013. »Ein Schritt vor, zwei Schritte zurück? Eine Replik auf Nicole Deitelhoff und Lisbeth Zimmermann.« Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 20 (2): 105–18.
Epstein, Charlotte. 2008. The Power of Words in International Relations: Birth of an Anti-Whaling Discourse. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press.
———. 2012. »Stop Telling Us How to Behave: Socialization or Infantilization?« International Studies Perspectives 13 (2): 135–45.
———. 2013. »Norms: Bourdieu‘s nomos, or the Structural Power of Norms.« In Adler-Nissen, Bourdieu in International Relations: Rethinking Key Concepts in IR, 165–78.
Finnemore, Martha. 1996. »Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology‘s Institutionalism.« International Organization 50 (2): 325–47.
Finnemore, Martha und Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. »International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.« International Organization 52 (4): 887–917.
Fox, Stephen. 2000. »Communities of Practice, Foucault and Actor-Network Therory.« Journal of Management Studies 37 (6): 853–68.
Gadinger, Frank. 2015. »Praxistheorien in den Internationalen Beziehungen.« In Handbuch Internationale Beziehungen, hg. v. Carlo Masala und Frank Sauer. 2. Auflage. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 1–24.
———. 2016. »On Justification and Critique: Luc Boltansk‘s Pragmatic Sociology and International Relations.« International Political Sociology 10 (3): 187–205.
Guggenheim, Michael und Jörg Potthast. 2012. »Symmetrical Twins: On the Relationship between Actor-Network Theory and the Sociology of Critical Capacities.« European Journal of Social Theory 15 (2): 157–78.
Hanrieder, Tine. 2011. »The False Promise of the Better Argument.« International Theory 3 (3): 390–415.
———. 2016. »Orders of Worth and the Moral Conceptions of Health in Global Politics.« International Theory 8 (3): 390–421.
Hoffmann, Matthew J. 2010. »Norms and Social Constructivism in International Relations.« In The International Studies Encyclopedia, hg. v. Robert A. Denemark, 5410–5426. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Hofius, Maren, Jan Wilkens, Hannes Hansen-Magnusson und Sassan Gholiagha. 2014. »Den Schleier lichten? Kritische Normenforschung, Freiheit und Gleichberechtigung im Kontexts des ›Arabischen Frühlings‹: Eine Replik auf Engelkamp/Glaab/Renner, Ulbert und Deitelhoff/Zimmermann.« Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 21 (2): 85–105.
Honneth, Axel. 2008. »Verflüssigung des Sozialen: Zur Gesellschaftstheorie von Luc Boltanski und Laurent Thévenot.« Westend - Neue Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 5 (2): 84–103.
Hurd, Ian. 2014. »Torture and the Politics of Legitimation in International Law.« In The Legitimacy of International Human Rights Regimes: Legal, Political and Philosophical Perspectives, hg. v. Andreas Føllesdal, Johan K. Schaffer und Geir Ulfstein, 165–89. Cambridge, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Kornprobst, Markus. 2011. »The Agent‘s Logics of Action: Defining and Mapping Political Judgement.« International Theory 3 (1): 70–104.
Kratochwil, Friedrich. 1989. Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2011. »Making Sense of ‚International Practices‹« In Adler and Pouliot, International Practices, 36–60.
———. 2014. The Status of Law in World Society: Mediations on the Role and Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Krook, Mona L. und Jacqui True. 2012. »Rethinking the Life Cycles of International Norms: The United Nations and the Global Promotion of Gender Equality.« European Journal of International Relations 18 (1): 103–27.
Kustermans, Jorg. 2016. »Parsing the Practice Turn: Practice, Practical Knowledge, Practices.« Millennium - Journal of International Studies 44 (2): 175–96.
Latour, Bruno. 2007. Eine neue Soziologie für eine neue Gesellschaft: Einführung in die Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Lave, Jean und Etienne Wenger. 1991. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Leander, Anna. 2011. »The Promises, Problems, and Potentials of a Bourdieu-Inspired Staging of International Relations.« International Political Sociology 5 (3): 294–313.
Liese, Andrea. 2009. »Exceptional Necessity: How Liberal Democracies Contest the Prohibition of Torture and Ill-Treatment when Countering Terrorism.« Journal of International Law and International Relations 5 (1): 17–47.
Meyer, John W. und Georg Krücken. 2005. Weltkultur: Wie die westlichen Prinzipien die Welt durchdringen. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Möllers, Christoph. 2015. Die Möglichkeit der Normen: Über eine Praxis jenseits von Moralität und Kausalität. Berlin: Suhrkamp.
Nicolini, Davide. 2012. Practice Theory, Work, and Organization: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Niemann, Holger und Henrik Schillinger. 2017. »Contestation ›All the Way Down‹? The Grammar of Contestation in Norm Research.« Review of International Studies 43 (1): 29–49.
Panke, Diana und Ulrich Petersohn. 2012. »Why International Norms Disappear Sometimes.« European Journal of International Relations 18 (4): 719–42.
Pouliot, Vincent. 2008. »The Logic of Practicality: A Theory of Practice of Security Communities.« International Organization 62 (2): 257–88.
———. 2010. International Security in Practice: The Politics of NATO-Russia Diplomacy. Cambridge, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Pouliot, Vincent und Frédéric Mérand. 2013. »Bourdieu‘s Concepts: Political Sociology in International Relations.« In Adler-Nissen, Bourdieu in International Relations: Rethinking Key Concepts in IR, 24–44.
Reckwitz, Andreas. 2002. »Toward a Theory of Social Practices: A Development in Culturalist Theorizing.« European Journal of Social Theory 5 (2): 204–63.
Reus-Smit, Christian. 2011. »Obligation through Practice.« International Theory 3 (2): 339–47.
Ringmar, Erik. 2014. »The Search for Dialogue as a Hindrance to Understanding: Practices as Inter-Paradigmatic Research Program.« International Theory 6 (1): 1–27.
Risse, Thomas, Stephen C. Ropp und Kathryn Sikkink, Hg. 1999. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roberts, Joanne. 2006. »Limits to Communities of Practice.« Journal of Management Studies 43 (3): 623–39.
Rosert, Elvira. 2012. »Fest etabliert und weiterhin lebendig: Normenforschung in den Internationalen Beziehungen.« Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 22 (4): 599–623.
Rosert, Elvira und Sonja Schirmbeck. 2007. »Zur Erosion internationaler Norm: Folterverbot und nukleares Tabu in der Diskussion.« Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 14 (2): 253–87.
Sandholtz, Wayne und Kendall W. Stiles. 2009. International Norms and Cycles of Change. Oxford, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Schindler, Sebastian und Tobias Wille. 2015. »Change in and through Practice: Pierre Bourdieu, Vincent Pouliot, and the End of the Cold War.« International Theory 7 (2): 330–59.
Sending, Ole J. 2002. »Constitution, Choice and Change: Problems with the ›Logic of Appropriateness‹ and its Use in Constructivist Theory.« European Journal of International Relations 8 (4): 443–70.
Ulbert, Cornelia. 2012. »Vom Klang vieler Stimmen: Herausforderungen kritischer Normenforschung: Eine Replik auf Stephan Engelkamp, Katharina Glaab und Judith Renne.« Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 19 (2): 129–39.
Wagner, Peter. 1999. »After Justification: Repertoires of Evaluation and the Sociology of Modernity.« European Journal of Social Theory 2 (3): 341–57.
Wenger, Etienne. 1998. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Wiener, Antje. 2007. »The Dual Quality of Norms and Governance beyond the State: Sociological and Normative Approaches to ›Interaction‹.« Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 10 (1): 47–69.
———. 2014. A Theory of Contestation. Berlin: Springer.
Wunderlich, Carmen. 2014. »Theoretical Approaches in Norm Dynamics.« In Norm Dynamics in Multilateral Arms Control: Interests, Conflicts, and Justice, hg. v. Harald Müller und Carmen Wunderlich, 20–47. Athens, GA, London: University of Georgia Press.
Zimmermann, Lisbeth. 2016. »Same Same or Different? Norm Diffusion Between Resistance, Compliance, and Localization in Post-conflict States.« International Studies Perspectives 17 (1): 98–115.
