Knowledge and Performance in the Early Modern Theatrum Mundi

Abstract

The widespread use of the metaphor of the theater of the world in many kinds of early modern European writing masks the wide range of meanings the metaphor could convey. The theatrum mundi could signify either a turning away from the material world in favor of heaven or the scrupulous study of the visible world; it could emphasize the essential hypocrisy of society as well as the centrality of human action in the world. This doubleness of meaning is as much a part of the theater metaphor as either of its senses and seems to depend on the regular attribution to the theater —metaphorical and actual— of a division between what it represented and the means it used to represent it. This paper argues that our usual understanding of the theater as necessarily divided between a true substance and a false seeming does not necessarily apply to early modern uses of the theater metaphor as a characterization of the process of knowing. Rather, the theater metaphor suggests that knowledge is neither a mere reflection of what is known nor a complete fabrication, but a kind of performance or enactment. The understanding of knowledge as performance allows us to distinguish a theory of knowing that is peculiar to the early modern period, and perhaps that can serve to characterize that period against what comes before it and after it.